Q1. āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϰ (census) āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ (sample survey) āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻā§? What is the main advantage of a sample survey over a complete census?
(a) āĻāĻŽ āĻāϰāĻ / Reduced cost
(b) āĻāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / Less time consuming
(c) āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž (āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§) / Greater accuracy (in special cases)
(d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Explanation: A sample survey works with a small part of the entire population, thus saving both time and money. When conducted by trained personnel, it can reduce non-sampling errors and be more accurate than a census.
Q2. āĻāĻāύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ? When is a complete census method essential instead of a sample survey?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§ / When the population is very large
(b) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ / When information about each and every unit is required
(c) āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ / When the budget is very low
(d) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽāϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ / When the population is homogeneous
Correct Answer: (b) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ / When information about each and every unit is required
Explanation: When information on every single unit of the population is needed (like a national census), a sample survey is insufficient. A complete census is mandatory in such cases.
Q3. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžā§ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ? Which type of error can be reduced in a sample survey?
Explanation: Since a sample survey deals with fewer units, errors in data collection, recording, and processing (non-sampling errors) can be better controlled. Sampling error is an inherent characteristic of a sample survey.
Q4. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ (sampling enquiry) āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§? What is the first step in a sampling enquiry?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž / Selecting the sample
(b) āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻāϰāĻž / Collecting the data
(c) āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž / Defining the objectives of the enquiry
(d) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž / Preparing the sampling frame
Correct Answer: (c) āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž / Defining the objectives of the enquiry
Explanation: Before starting any survey, clearly defining its objectives is the most crucial first step. All subsequent steps (like defining the population, selecting the sample) depend on the objectives.
Q5. āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ (Sampling Frame) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What does a ‘Sampling Frame’ mean?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ / The size of the sample
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āϏāĻāϞ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž / A complete list of all units in the population
(c) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž / A selected sample
(d) āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āύāĻāĻļāĻž / The design of the survey
Correct Answer: (b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āϏāĻāϞ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž / A complete list of all units in the population
Explanation: The sampling frame is the list from which a sample is drawn. A good sampling frame includes every unit in the population and should be complete, accurate, and up-to-date.
Q6. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻā§āύ āϧāĻžāĻĒā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϞāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž (Pilot Survey) āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? At which stage of a sampling enquiry is a Pilot Survey conducted?
(a) āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠/ At the end of the survey
(b) āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / During data analysis
(c) āĻŽā§āϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ / Before the main survey
(d) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / While defining objectives
Correct Answer: (c) āĻŽā§āϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§ / Before the main survey
Explanation: A pilot survey is a small-scale rehearsal survey conducted before the main survey. Its purpose is to test the questionnaire’s effectiveness, estimate cost and time, and identify potential problems.
Q7. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ (Good Sample) āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§? What is the most important characteristic of a good sample?
(a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ / It must be large in size
(b) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞāĻ (Representative) āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ / It must be representative of the population
(c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ / It must be easy to select
(d) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ / It must be expensive
Correct Answer: (b) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞāĻ (Representative) āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ / It must be representative of the population
Explanation: The main purpose of a sample is to provide insights about the population. If the sample does not accurately reflect the characteristics of the population (i.e., is not representative), the conclusions drawn from it will be incorrect.
Q8. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (sample size) āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§? If the sample size is increased, what generally decreases?
Explanation: Sampling error occurs because the sample is not the entire population. As the sample size increases, it becomes more representative of the population, thus reducing the sampling error.
Q9. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§? A good sample depends on what?
(a) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ / A properly defined population
(b) āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ / An appropriate sampling method
(c) āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ / An adequate sample size
(d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Explanation: To obtain a good and reliable sample, the population must be defined correctly, a suitable sampling method (like SRS, Stratified) must be chosen, and a statistically adequate sample size must be taken.
Q10. āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ (Random sampling number table) āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ? What are random sampling number tables used for?
(a) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ To select a sample purposefully
(b) āĻāϞā§āĻŽā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ To select a sample randomly and without bias
(c) āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ To calculate non-sampling error
(d) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ To estimate the population mean
Correct Answer: (b) āĻāϞā§āĻŽā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠/ To select a sample randomly and without bias
Explanation: Random number tables are constructed such that each digit has an equal probability of appearing. Using them to select a sample avoids researcher bias and gives every unit an equal chance of being selected.
Q11. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ? Which of the following is not a property of a random number table?
(a) āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ (0-9) āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ / Each digit (0-9) has an equal probability of occurrence
(b) āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āύ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ The numbers follow a specific pattern
(c) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž / The occurrence of one digit does not affect the occurrence of another
(d) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ It helps in unbiased sample selection
Correct Answer: (b) āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āύ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ The numbers follow a specific pattern
Explanation: The core feature of a random number table is the absence of any pattern or predictable sequence. If there were a pattern, the numbers would not be random.
Q12. āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ (Simple Random Sampling – SRS) āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻā§āĻŽāύ? In Simple Random Sampling (SRS), what is the probability of selection for each unit?
Explanation: The fundamental definition of SRS is that every unit in the population has an equal probability of being selected into the sample, and every possible sample (of a given size) also has an equal probability of being selected.
Q13. SRSWOR-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āύāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§? What is the full form of SRSWOR?
(a) Simple Random Sampling With Order / āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻā§āϰāĻŽ āϏāĻš
(b) Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement / āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
(c) Stratified Random Sampling Without Replacement / āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
(d) Simple Random Sampling With Replacement / āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āϏāĻš āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
Correct Answer: (b) Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement / āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ
Explanation: In the SRSWOR method, once a unit is selected for the sample, it is not returned to the population. This means a unit cannot be selected more than once.
Q14. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ (Stratified Sampling) āĻāĻāύ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ? When is Stratified Sampling most effective?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽāϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ (homogeneous) āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the population is homogeneous
(b) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ (heterogeneous) āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the population is heterogeneous
(c) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the population size is small
(d) āϝāĻāύ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž / When a sampling frame is not available
Correct Answer: (b) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ (heterogeneous) āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the population is heterogeneous
Explanation: The main purpose of stratified sampling is to divide a heterogeneous population into several homogeneous sub-populations (strata) and then draw a sample from each stratum. This ensures representation from each subgroup and increases the precision of estimates.
Q15. SRSWR-āĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (sample mean) (Čŗ) āĻāϰ standard error (SE) āĻā§, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠β āĻšāϞ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ? In SRSWR, what is the standard error (SE) of the sample mean (Čŗ), where β is the population variance?
Explanation: In Simple Random Sampling With Replacement (SRSWR), the variance of the sample mean is V(Čŗ) = β/n. Therefore, its standard error is âV(Čŗ) = â(β/n) = Ī/ân.
Q16. ‘Finite Population Correction’ (FPC) āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻā§? What is the ‘Finite Population Correction’ (FPC) factor?
(a) (N-n)/N
(b) N/(N-1)
(c) n/N
(d) (N-n)/(N-1)
Correct Answer: (a) (N-n)/N (āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§āύā§āϏā§āϰ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§) āĻŦāĻž (d) āĻŦāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻāĻŋ Standard Error āĻāϰ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋā§ā§āύā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧠(a) āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĨ¤ SE(Čŗ) for SRSWOR is (Ī/ân). SE(Čŗ) for SRSWOR is â((N-n)/N) * (S/ân). The correction factor applied to the variance is (N-n)/N. Let’s consider the most common usage. In the variance formula for the mean in SRSWOR, V(Čŗ) = ((N-n)/N) * (S²/n). The term is (N-n)/N.
Explanation: The FPC factor is used in SRSWOR when the sample size (n) is significant relative to the population size (N) (usually n/N > 0.05). It reduces the sampling variance because sampling without replacement from a finite population provides more information. It’s used as â((N-n)/N) or â((N-n)/(N-1)) in the Standard Error formula and as (N-n)/N in the variance formula.
(a) āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Due to errors in data collection
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Because a part of the population is surveyed
(c) āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Due to respondent bias
(d) āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Due to errors in data processing
Correct Answer: (b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Because a part of the population is surveyed
Explanation: Sampling error is the difference between a statistic derived from a sample (e.g., sample mean) and the actual population parameter (e.g., population mean). This difference arises simply because we are observing a part (the sample) instead of the entire population.
Q18. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ (Non-sampling Error) āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ? Which of the following is an example of a Non-sampling Error?
(a) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ / A defective sampling frame
Explanation: Non-sampling errors are not related to the sampling process itself. They can occur at any stage of the survey, such as using a faulty frame, non-response from selected individuals, or making errors while recording data.
Q19. āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž (Census) āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§? Which type of error is present in a complete census method?
(a) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ / Only Sampling error
(b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ / Only Non-sampling error
(c) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāϝāĻŧ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ / Both sampling and non-sampling errors
(d) āĻā§āύ⧠āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āύā§āĻ / No error
Correct Answer: (b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ / Only Non-sampling error
Explanation: Since a census includes the entire population, there is no sampling error (because no sample is being drawn). However, non-sampling errors can occur during data collection, processing, etc.
Q20. āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŖā§āĻāύ (Proportional Allocation) āĻā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ? Proportional Allocation is used in which sampling method?
(a) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Simple Random Sampling
Explanation: In stratified sampling, proportional allocation is a method to determine how many units to select from each stratum. Here, the sample size from each stratum is proportional to the size of that stratum (náĩĸ â Náĩĸ).
Q21. SRSWOR-āĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§āϰ (Čŗ) āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏā§āϰ āϏā§āϤā§āϰāĻāĻŋ āĻā§? (S² āĻšāϞ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ mean square) What is the formula for the variance of the sample mean (Čŗ) in SRSWOR? (S² is the population mean square)
Explanation: In Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR), the variance of the sample mean is V(Čŗ) = ((N-n)/N) * (S²/n), where S² = [1/(N-1)] * ÎŖ(Yáĩĸ – Ȳ)², and (N-n)/N is the finite population correction (FPC).
Q22. āϞāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ (Lottery method) āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ? The lottery method is an example of which type of sampling method?
Explanation: In the lottery method, a ticket is made for each unit of the population, mixed thoroughly, and a specified number of tickets are drawn randomly. This is a classic example of SRS because every unit has an equal chance of being selected.
Q23. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻā§ ‘āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύ’ (unbiased) āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻāύ- A sample is called ‘unbiased’ when-
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ / Every unit in the sample has the same value
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ (Expected Value) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / The expected value of the sample statistic is equal to the population parameter
(c) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āύā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / The sampling error is zero
(d) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / The sample is selected purposefully
Correct Answer: (b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ (Expected Value) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / The expected value of the sample statistic is equal to the population parameter
Explanation: In statistical terms, an estimator is unbiased if the mean of its sampling distribution is equal to the true value of the parameter. For example, the sample mean (Ⱥ) in SRS is an unbiased estimator of the population mean (Ȟ) because E(Ⱥ) = Ȟ.
Q24. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž (reliability) āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž? The reliability of the results of a sample survey does NOT depend on?
Explanation: While population size (N) is used in the FPC factor, the reliability of results primarily depends on the sample size (n), the method used, and the inherent variability (heterogeneity) of the population. For very large populations (infinite population assumption), the specific size of N does not directly affect reliability as much as the sample size (n) does.
Q25. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧠āϏā§āϤāϰ (strata) āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŽāύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ? In stratified sampling, how should the strata be?
(a) āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ / Heterogeneous within strata and homogeneous between strata
(b) āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ / Homogeneous within strata and heterogeneous between strata
Explanation: The effectiveness of stratified sampling is maximized when each stratum is as internally homogeneous as possible, but the strata are as heterogeneous as possible from each other. This ensures that the characteristics of each subgroup are captured accurately.
Q26. āĻā§āύ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž? Which error cannot be reduced by increasing the sample size?
Explanation: Increasing the sample size reduces sampling error. However, non-sampling errors (like misunderstanding questions, providing false answers, data entry mistakes) do not depend on the sample size. In fact, with larger samples, such errors might even increase due to the increased workload.
Q27. Neyman Allocation-āĻ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāϰ (stratum) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (náĩĸ) āĻāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ? In Neyman Allocation, the sample size (náĩĸ) from a stratum is proportional to what?
Explanation: Neyman allocation is an optimum allocation method where the sample size from a stratum is proportional to the product of the stratum size (Náĩĸ) and the stratum standard deviation (Sáĩĸ) (i.e., náĩĸ â NáĩĸSáĩĸ). This minimizes the overall variance.
Q28. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏāĻŽāϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ (perfectly homogeneous) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϤ? If a population is perfectly homogeneous, what is the required sample size?
Explanation: If all units in a population are identical (perfectly homogeneous), then only one unit is sufficient to understand the characteristics of the population, as that single unit will represent the entire population.
Q29. ‘Parameter’ āĻāĻŦāĻ ‘Statistic’-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§? What is the difference between a ‘Parameter’ and a ‘Statistic’?
(a) Parameter āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§, Statistic āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ Parameter describes the population, Statistic describes the sample
(b) Parameter āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§, Statistic āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ Parameter describes the sample, Statistic describes the population
(c) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ Both describe the sample
(d) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ Both describe the population
Correct Answer: (a) Parameter āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰā§, Statistic āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠/ Parameter describes the population, Statistic describes the sample
Explanation: A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population (e.g., population mean đ). A statistic is a numerical characteristic of a sample (e.g., sample mean Čŗ). We use statistics to estimate parameters.
Q30. āĻā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰāϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ (field survey) āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? Which sampling method is often the quickest and cheapest in field surveys, though it may be less representative?
(a) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Simple Random Sampling
Explanation: In cluster sampling, the population is divided into geographic or other convenient clusters, a few clusters are randomly selected, and all units within those selected clusters are surveyed. This saves travel cost and time, especially when the population is spread over a large area.
Q31. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϤ āϧāĻžāĻĒ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ? What is the final step in a sampling enquiry?
Explanation: The process of a sampling enquiry begins with defining objectives and concludes with analyzing the collected data to draw conclusions and preparing a detailed report.
Q32. āϝāĻāύ n/N > 0.05 āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻāύ āĻā§āύ āĻĢā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§? When n/N > 0.05, the use of which factor becomes important?
Explanation: When the sample size (n) is more than 5% of the population size (N), the FPC ((N-n)/N) is used in calculating variance and standard error in SRSWOR to make the estimates more precise.
Q33. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻā§āĻā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ ’37’ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāϤ? If two-digit numbers are selected from a random number table, what is the probability of getting the number ’37’?
Explanation: There are a total of 100 two-digit numbers, from 00 to 99. In an ideal random number table, each possible two-digit number has an equal probability of appearing. Therefore, the probability of getting ’37’ is 1/100.
Q34. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āύāϝāĻŧ? Which of the following is not essential for a good sample?
Explanation: A good sample should be representative, of adequate size, and free from bias. The selection procedure does not need to be complex; rather, it should be effective and serve the purpose.
Q35. SRSWR āĻāĻŦāĻ SRSWOR-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ (efficient)? Between SRSWR and SRSWOR, which one is more efficient?
(a) SRSWR
(b) SRSWOR
(c) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ / Both are equally efficient
(d) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠/ It depends on the population size
Explanation: Efficiency is generally measured by lower variance. The variance of SRSWOR (V_wor) is less than the variance of SRSWR (V_wr), because V_wor = V_wr * (N-n)/(N-1). Since (N-n)/(N-1) < 1, SRSWOR is more efficient.
Q36. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻā§āϞ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āύ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ? If respondents give incorrect answers to sensitive questions, what type of error is this?
Correct Answer: (b) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĻāϤ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ (āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ) / Measurement error (a type of non-sampling error)
Explanation: Measurement error occurs when the collected data’s value differs from the true value. This can be due to questionnaire design, interviewer influence, or intentional/unintentional incorrect responses from the respondent. It is a non-sampling error.
Q37. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§, āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (Ȳ_st) āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§? In stratified sampling, what is the unbiased estimator of the population mean (Ȳ_st)?
(a) ÎŖNáĩĸČŗáĩĸ
(b) (1/N) * ÎŖNáĩĸČŗáĩĸ
(c) ÎŖWáĩĸČŗáĩĸ where Wáĩĸ=Náĩĸ/N
(d) b āĻāĻŦāĻ c āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both b and c
Correct Answer: (d) b āĻāĻŦāĻ c āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both b and c
Explanation: The estimator for the population mean in stratified sampling (Čŗ_st) is a weighted average of the sample means of each stratum. The formula is Čŗ_st = ÎŖ(Náĩĸ/N) * Čŗáĩĸ = ÎŖWáĩĸČŗáĩĸ, where Wáĩĸ = Náĩĸ/N is the weight of the i-th stratum. This is an unbiased estimator of Ȳ.
Q38. “Population of interest” āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What is meant by “Population of interest”?
(a) āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ / The population from which a sample is drawn
(b) āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύ / The population about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions
(c) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž / Only the participants in the survey
(d) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āĻāύāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž / The entire population of a country
Correct Answer: (b) āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻžāύ / The population about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions
Explanation: The “Population of interest” or target population is the specific group that the research is about and for which the final conclusions or inferences are to be made.
Q39. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻā§? What is the main objective of a sample survey?
(a) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻāϰāĻž / To collect information only about the sample
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž / To estimate the characteristics of the population based on sample characteristics
(c) āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻž / To eliminate non-sampling errors
(d) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž / To count every unit in the population
Correct Answer: (b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž / To estimate the characteristics of the population based on sample characteristics
Explanation: The ultimate goal of a sample survey is to make reliable and valid inferences about a larger population by studying a smaller, manageable sample.
Q40. āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§? What is the key difference between sampling and non-sampling errors?
(a) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§ / Sampling error occurs only in a census
(b) āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻā§ / Non-sampling error occurs only in a sample survey
(c) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§, āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§ / Sampling error is due to the sampling process, while non-sampling error is due to other factors
Correct Answer: (c) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§, āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§ / Sampling error is due to the sampling process, while non-sampling error is due to other factors
Explanation: Sampling error is an inherent consequence of using a sample. On the other hand, non-sampling errors arise from flaws in planning or execution and can occur in both sample surveys and censuses.
Q41. āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ (Systematic Sampling) āĻāĻāύ SRS-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻāύāĻ? When is Systematic Sampling more convenient than SRS?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻŽā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ / When population units are randomly arranged
(b) āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒ-āĻā§-āĻĄā§āĻ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ / When a complete and up-to-date sampling frame is easily available
(c) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When population units are arranged in a specific order and selection from a list is easy
(d) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the population is very heterogeneous
Correct Answer: (c) āϝāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āϏāĻžāĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When population units are arranged in a specific order and selection from a list is easy
Explanation: In systematic sampling, after randomly selecting the first unit, every k-th unit is selected from the list. It is easier and faster to implement than SRS, especially when units are arranged in a file or list.
Q42. SRS-āĻāϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻā§? What is the main advantage of Stratified Sampling over SRS?
(a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ / It is simpler to implement
(b) āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŽ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ / It is always less expensive
(c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž (precision) āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ / It increases the precision of the estimates
(d) āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž / It does not require a sampling frame
Correct Answer: (c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž (precision) āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ / It increases the precision of the estimates
Explanation: By dividing a heterogeneous population into homogeneous strata, stratified sampling reduces the sampling variance. Lower variance means higher precision of the estimates. It also ensures representation from each subgroup.
Q43. āĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ (Systematic Sampling) āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻĻā§āώā§āĻ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? Under which condition can Systematic Sampling yield biased results?
(a) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāϞā§āĻŽā§āϞ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ / If the population is random
(b) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύ (k) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ / If the sampling interval (k) is a prime number
(c) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž (periodicity) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϝāĻž āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ / If there is a periodic trend in the list that coincides with the sampling interval
(d) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / If the population size is very large
Correct Answer: (c) āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻž (periodicity) āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āϝāĻž āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāϞ⧠āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ / If there is a periodic trend in the list that coincides with the sampling interval
Explanation: If there is a hidden periodic pattern in the population list and the sampling interval (k) is a multiple of that pattern’s period, the sample can be highly biased and unrepresentative.
Q44. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻžāĻŦāϞā§āϰ (questionnaire) āύāĻāĻļāĻž āĻā§āύ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ? Why is the design of a questionnaire important in a sample enquiry?
(a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠/ It helps in reducing non-sampling errors
(b) āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠/ It helps in reducing sampling error
(c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ It determines the sample size
(d) āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠/ It creates the sampling frame
Correct Answer: (a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϤ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻāϰ⧠/ It helps in reducing non-sampling errors
Explanation: A well-designed questionnaire (with simple, clear, unbiased questions) is easy for respondents to understand and encourages accurate responses. This helps reduce non-sampling errors like measurement error and non-response error.
Q45. sampling fraction āĻā§? What is the sampling fraction?
Explanation: The sampling fraction is the ratio of the sample size (n) to the population size (N). It indicates what proportion of the population has been included in the sample.
Q46. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ? Which is NOT a characteristic of a good sampling frame?
Explanation: A good sampling frame must include all units of the population (complete), contain correct information (accurate), and be recent (up-to-date). Being expensive is not a quality of a good frame.
Q47. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ V(Čŗ_st) < V(Čŗ_ran) āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻā§? If V(Čŗ_st) < V(Čŗ_ran), what does it mean?
(a) SRS, āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ / SRS is more efficient than Stratified sampling
(b) āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ, SRS-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ / Stratified sampling is more efficient than SRS
(c) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ / Both methods are equally efficient
(d) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻĻā§āώā§āĻ / The sampling is biased
Correct Answer: (b) āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ, SRS-āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ / Stratified sampling is more efficient than SRS
Explanation: V(Čŗ) represents the variance of the sample mean, which is a measure of the uncertainty of an estimate. V(Čŗ_st) < V(Čŗ_ran) means the variance of the estimate from stratified sampling is less than that from SRS. Therefore, stratified sampling is more efficient (precise).
Q48. āύāύ-āϰā§āϏāĻĒāύā§āϏ (Non-response) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What does Non-response mean?
(a) āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž āĻā§āϞ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĻā§āύ / A respondent gives incorrect information
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻļ āύā§āύ āύāĻž / Some individuals selected for the sample do not participate in the survey
(c) āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻžāĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ / The questionnaire is lost
(d) āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ / The sampling frame is incomplete
Correct Answer: (b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻļ āύā§āύ āύāĻž / Some individuals selected for the sample do not participate in the survey
Explanation: Non-response is a serious non-sampling error. It occurs when data cannot be collected from some members of the selected sample because they refuse to answer or cannot be contacted.
Q49. āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What does a Population refer to?
(a) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ / Only human beings
(b) āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋ / The entire collection of units under a study
(c) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϰ āύāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāĻ / Only the citizens of a country
(d) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž / The selected sample
Correct Answer: (b) āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧā§āύ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋ / The entire collection of units under a study
Explanation: In statistics, a population is the entire collection of all possible units, individuals, or objects with a specific characteristic that is being studied. It is not limited to people and can be anything (e.g., all light bulbs from a factory).
Q50. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻ āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§? The cost of a sample survey depends most on what?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ / Sample size
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ / Population size
(c) āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻž / Experience of the researcher
(d) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āϏāĻĢāĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ / Software used
Explanation: While other factors also influence the cost, a significant portion of the total cost of a sample survey is directly dependent on the sample size. The larger the sample size, the higher the cost of data collection and processing.
Q51. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻā§āύ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§? What are the two main properties of an ideal random number table?
(a) āϏāĻŽ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž / Equal probability and Independence
(b) āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϤāĻž / Continuity and Dependence
(c) āĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϏāϝā§āĻā§āϝāϤāĻž / Pattern and Predictability
(d) āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž / Large size and Complexity
Correct Answer: (a) āϏāĻŽ-āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āύāϤāĻž / Equal probability and Independence
Explanation: In an ideal random number table, each digit (0-9) has an equal probability (1/10) of appearing, and the appearance of any one digit is independent of the appearance of any other digit.
Q52. SRSWR-āĻ, n āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ k-āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāϤ? In SRSWR, what is the probability that a specific unit is included k times in a sample of size n?
(a) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ Follows a Binomial distribution
(b) āĻĒāϝāĻŧāϏāύ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ Follows a Poisson distribution
(c) āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ Follows a Geometric distribution
(d) āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ Follows a Hypergeometric distribution
Correct Answer: (a) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠/ Follows a Binomial distribution
Explanation: In each draw, the probability of a specific unit being selected is p = 1/N and not being selected is q = 1 – 1/N. Since the draws are independent (with replacement), the probability of it being selected k times in n draws is given by the Binomial distribution formula P(X=k) = nCk * p^k * q^(n-k).
Q53. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧠āĻ āĻĒā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŽ āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻļāύ (Optimum Allocation) āĻāϰ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āĻā§? What is the objective of Optimum Allocation in stratified sampling?
(a) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏāĻā§ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž / To minimize the variance for a fixed cost
(b) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻāĻā§ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ āĻāϰāĻž / To minimize the cost for a fixed variance
(c) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž / To maximize the sample size
(d) a āĻāĻŦāĻ b āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both a and b
Correct Answer: (d) a āĻāĻŦāĻ b āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both a and b
Explanation: Optimum allocation (like Neyman Allocation) is a method that serves two main objectives: either to minimize the variance of the estimate for a given budget, or to minimize the cost required to achieve a specified level of variance.
Q54. āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž-āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ (Probability Sampling) āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ? Which of the following is not a Probability Sampling method?
(a) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Simple Random Sampling
Explanation: In probability sampling, every unit in the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected. In quota sampling, the researcher selects units conveniently to fill a quota based on certain characteristics (like age, gender), with no random basis for selection. Hence, it is a non-probability method.
Q55. āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤā§āϰ (bias) āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻā§? What is the relationship between sampling error and bias?
(a) āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ / They are the same thing
(b) āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻšāϞ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻāϤ (systematic) āĻ āĻāĻļ / Bias is the systematic component of sampling error
Explanation: The total error can be decomposed into two parts: variance (due to randomness) and bias (due to systematic mistakes). The average of a biased estimator, even over repeated sampling, does not equal the true value. This systematic deviation is the bias.
Q56. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ “āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ āĻĢ āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϏāĻŋ” (Degree of Accuracy) āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? At which stage of a sampling enquiry is the “Degree of Accuracy” decided?
(a) āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻšā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠/ After data collection
(b) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ / At the stage of defining objectives
(c) āϰāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / While writing the report
(d) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / During sample selection
Correct Answer: (b) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ / At the stage of defining objectives
Explanation: Before starting the survey, the researcher must decide how accurate the results need to be. The required degree of accuracy is a key factor in determining the sample size and the sampling method.
Q57. SRSWOR-āĻ, āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ n āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ āĻāϤāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ? In SRSWOR, how many different samples of size n can be drawn from a population of size N?
Explanation: In sampling without replacement (WOR), the order of units does not matter. The number of ways to form a combination of n distinct units from N distinct units is given by N C n = N! / [n! * (N-n)!].
Q58. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāϰ (strata) āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŖā§āĻāύ? If samples of equal size are drawn from two strata, what type of allocation is this?
Explanation: When an equal number of units are selected as a sample from each stratum (i.e., n1 = n2 = … = nk), this allocation is called equal allocation. It is simple to implement but usually not optimum.
Q59. “āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ” (Coverage Error) āĻā§? What is “Coverage Error”?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āύ āύāĻž / When a respondent does not answer a question
(b) āϝāĻāύ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ / When the sampling frame is not the same as the target population
(c) āϝāĻāύ āĻĄā§āĻāĻž āĻāύā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When there is an error in data entry
(d) āϝāĻāύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž / When the sample does not represent the population
Correct Answer: (b) āϝāĻāύ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ / When the sampling frame is not the same as the target population
Explanation: Coverage error (a type of non-sampling error) occurs when the sampling frame does not perfectly match the target population, either by omitting some members (undercoverage) or including some members multiple times (overcoverage).
Q60. SRSWR-āĻ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāϤ? In SRSWR, what is the probability that a specific unit is included in the sample?
Explanation: Probability of inclusion = 1 – (Probability of non-inclusion). The probability of a unit not being selected in one draw is (N-1)/N = 1 – 1/N. The probability of it not being selected in n independent draws is (1 – 1/N)^n. Therefore, the probability of inclusion is 1 – (1 – 1/N)^n.
Q61. SRSWOR-āĻ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāϤ? In SRSWOR, what is the probability that a specific unit is included in the sample?
Explanation: In SRSWOR, the probability of any specific unit being included in a sample of size n is simply n/N. This is a simple and important result.
Q62. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϞāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ? What is the fundamental principle of sampling methods?
(a) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύāĻāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤāϤāĻžāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋ / Principle of Statistical Regularity
(b) āĻŦā§āĻšā§ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋ / Principle of Inertia of Large Numbers
(c) āĻ āĻĒā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋ / Principle of Optimization
(d) a āĻāĻŦāĻ b āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both a and b
Correct Answer: (d) a āĻāĻŦāĻ b āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both a and b
Explanation: Sampling is based on two fundamental principles. (1) Principle of Statistical Regularity: A random sample tends to possess the characteristics of the population approximately. (2) Principle of Inertia of Large Numbers: As the sample size increases, the results become more stable and reliable.
Q63. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ (variable) āĻā§ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ? The variable used for stratification is called what?
Explanation: For stratification, a variable that is related to the main study variable (target variable) is used. This variable providing additional information is called an auxiliary variable. For example, in an income survey, region (urban/rural) can be an auxiliary variable for stratification.
Q64. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāĻā§ āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĻāϰāĻŖ (generalize) āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻā§ āĻŦāϞā§? What is the process of generalizing the results of a sample survey to the entire population called?
Explanation: Statistical inference is the branch of statistics that deals with the methods of making decisions, estimations, or predictions about a population based on sample data.
Q65. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻā§ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§? If a sampling frame is incomplete, what type of error occurs?
Explanation: An incomplete frame means some members of the target population are missing from the frame. As a result, they have no chance of being selected into the sample, which leads to undercoverage error and can bias the results.
Q66. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (sample size) āĻā§āĻŽāύ āĻšāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ? For a good sample, how should the sample size be?
(a) āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ / Always very small
(b) āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ / Always very large
(c) āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞāĻ / Adequate and Representative
(d) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ / Equal to the population size
Correct Answer: (c) āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āϞāĻ / Adequate and Representative
Explanation: The size of a good sample does not need to be extremely large or small. It must be ‘adequate’ to provide results with the desired precision, and it must be representative of the population.
Q67. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§, āĻāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŖā§āĻāύ (Proportional Allocation) āĻāĻŦāĻ Neyman Allocation āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ? In stratified sampling, when are Proportional Allocation and Neyman Allocation the same?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (Náĩĸ) āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When all strata sizes (Náĩĸ) are equal
(b) āϝāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ (Sáĩĸ²) āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When all strata variances (Sáĩĸ²) are equal
(c) āϝāĻāύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the sample size is very small
(d) āϝāĻāύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the sample size is very large
Correct Answer: (b) āϝāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ (Sáĩĸ²) āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When all strata variances (Sáĩĸ²) are equal
Explanation: In Neyman Allocation, náĩĸ â NáĩĸSáĩĸ. In Proportional Allocation, náĩĸ â Náĩĸ. If the standard deviation Sáĩĸ is the same for all strata (Sâ = Sâ = … = Sâ), then Sáĩĸ becomes a constant, and Neyman Allocation (náĩĸ â NáĩĸSáĩĸ) reduces to Proportional Allocation (náĩĸ â Náĩĸ).
Q68. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§? For whom is a sample survey more suitable?
(a) āĻ āϏā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ / Infinite or very large populations
(b) āĻā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ / Very small populations
Explanation: When the population is so large that a census is impossible or impractical, a sample survey is essential. Also, when the testing is destructive in nature (e.g., testing the lifespan of a light bulb), it is not possible to test the entire population, so a sample must be used.
Q69. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻž āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§? The accuracy of the results of a sample survey depends on what?
(a) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (n/N) / Only on the relative size of the sample (n/N)
(b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (n) / Only on the absolute size of the sample (n)
(c) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ / On the size of the population
(d) āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ / On the personal preference of the surveyor
Correct Answer: (b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ (n) / Only on the absolute size of the sample (n)
Explanation: A common misconception is that the sample size should be a certain percentage of the population size. Statistically, however, the accuracy of the results depends primarily on the absolute size of the sample (n), not the population size (as long as the population is large). A well-selected sample of 1000 will provide roughly the same precision for the populations of the USA (330M) and Bangladesh (170M).
Q70. āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻā§āύāĻžāϰā§āĻāϰ (Random Number Generator) āĻā§? What is a Random Number Generator?
(a) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϰā§āĻĄāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāϏ āϝāĻž āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠/ A hardware device that creates random numbers
(b) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻž āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŽ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠/ An algorithm or program that produces a sequence of random numbers
(c) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖā§ / A printed table
(d) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻā§āϞā§āĻāϰ / A calculator
Correct Answer: (b) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻāϰāĻŋāĻĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āϝāĻž āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻŽ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠/ An algorithm or program that produces a sequence of random numbers
Explanation: In modern statistics, computer algorithms are used to generate random numbers. These are called Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs) because they use a deterministic process starting from a specific seed to produce numbers that appear random.
Q71. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ ‘āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ-āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž’ (Pre-testing) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What does ‘Pre-testing’ in a sample survey refer to?
(a) āĻŽā§āϞ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž / A test after the main survey
(b) āĻĒāĻžāĻāϞāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž / Pilot survey
(c) āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻĻāĻžāϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž / Testing the knowledge of respondents
(d) āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰāĻž / Testing the validity of the results
Correct Answer: (b) āĻĒāĻžāĻāϞāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻž / Pilot survey
Explanation: Pre-testing, or a pilot survey, is the process of testing the questionnaire and procedures on a small number of respondents before the main survey. It helps to identify potential problems and refine the survey instruments.
Q72. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāύ ‘āĻāĻžāϞ⧒ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? When can a sample be considered ‘good’?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠/ When it accurately reflects the characteristics of the population
(b) āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When it is large in size
(c) āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻšāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When it is easy to select
(d) āϝāĻāύ āĻāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ⧠āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž / When it has no non-sampling errors
Correct Answer: (a) āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠/ When it accurately reflects the characteristics of the population
Explanation: The ultimate criterion for a good sample is its representativeness. If the sample is a mini-version of the population, the results derived from it will be reliable for the population.
Q73. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž? Which factor is NOT considered for determining sample size?
(a) āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻž / The desired level of precision
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻž (Variance) / The variability (variance) in the population
(c) āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ / The available budget and time
(d) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (mean) / The mean of the population
Correct Answer: (d) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (mean) / The mean of the population
Explanation: Formulas for determining sample size typically include the desired precision (margin of error), confidence level, and an estimate of the population variance. The actual population mean is usually unknown (that’s what we want to estimate) and is not directly used in the size determination formula.
Q74. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ, SRS-āĻāϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ… Generally, the variance of stratified sampling compared to SRS is…
(a) āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ / Higher
(b) āĻāĻŽ / Lower
(c) āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ / Equal
(d) āĻŦāϞāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āύāϝāĻŧ / Cannot be said
Explanation: The very purpose of stratified sampling is to reduce variance by taking advantage of the population’s heterogeneity. If the strata are formed properly (homogeneous within, heterogeneous between), then V(Čŗ_st) will almost always be lower than V(Čŗ_ran).
Q75. sampling unit āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϞā§? What is a sampling unit?
(a) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / An element of the population considered for selection
(b) āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž / The entire sample
(c) āϏāĻŽāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ / The entire population
(d) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽ / A sampling frame
Correct Answer: (a) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / An element of the population considered for selection
Explanation: A sampling unit is the basic unit or group of units of the population that is considered for selection at any stage of the sampling process. For example, in a household survey, a house could be a sampling unit.
Q76. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰā§āϝāĻŧ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? If the cost of the survey is a major constraint, which sampling method might be preferable?
Explanation: In cluster sampling, data is collected only within the selected clusters, which significantly reduces travel and administrative costs, especially when the population is spread over a large geographical area.
Q77. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻā§? What is the main limitation of a sample survey?
(a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ / It is very expensive
(b) āĻāϤ⧠āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ / It has the possibility of sampling error
(c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ / It is only suitable for small populations
(d) āĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž / It does not require experts
Correct Answer: (b) āĻāϤ⧠āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ / It has the possibility of sampling error
Explanation: An inherent limitation of a sample survey is that its results are subject to sampling error. This means there is always a possibility of a difference between the sample result and the true population value.
Q78. ‘āϏā§āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻĄ āĻāϰāϰ āĻ āĻĢ āĻŽāĻŋāύ’ (Standard Error of Mean) āĻā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāϰā§? What does the ‘Standard Error of Mean’ measure?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ / The difference between the sample mean and population mean
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻĄā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤāĻžāϰ / The spread of data points in the sample
(c) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻļāύ / The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means
(d) āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ / The amount of non-sampling error
Correct Answer: (c) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāύā§āϰ āϏā§āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰā§āĻĄ āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻļāύ / The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means
Explanation: If we repeatedly take samples from the same population and calculate the mean each time, those means will have their own distribution. The standard deviation of that distribution is called the Standard Error of the Mean. It measures how much the sample mean typically deviates from the population mean.
Q79. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āϝ⧅ A random sample ensures that…
(a) āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāĻā§āϞāĻŋ ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ% āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ / The results will be 100% accurate
(b) āĻā§āύ⧠āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āύāĻž / There will be no non-sampling error
(c) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύ / The selection process is unbiased
(d) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻŦā§ / The sample size will be small
Correct Answer: (c) āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻšā§āύ / The selection process is unbiased
Explanation: The main purpose of random sampling is to eliminate researcher’s personal preference or bias from the selection process, so that every unit in the population has a known and fair chance of being selected. It does not guarantee accuracy but lays the foundation for the validity of the estimates.
Q80. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āώāĻĻā§āϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ? If a sample is intentionally composed of more women than men, what type of sampling is this?
(a) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Simple Random Sampling
(b) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
Explanation: When a researcher uses their own judgment or purpose to include individuals with specific characteristics in the sample, it is called purposive sampling. It is a non-probability method, and its results are difficult to generalize.
Q81. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ (confidence) āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻā§ āĻāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ? What should be done to increase the confidence in the results of a sample survey?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāĻžāύ⧠/ Decrease the sample size
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧠/ Increase the sample size
(c) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž / Take a sample from only one segment
(d) āύāύ-āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž / Use a non-random method
Explanation: Increasing the sample size decreases the standard error, which leads to a narrower confidence interval. This means we can make more precise and confident estimates about the population parameter.
Q82. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰā§? The efficiency of stratification depends on what?
(a) āϏā§āϤāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāύā§āύāϤāĻž / The variation between the strata
(b) āϏā§āϤāϰāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ / The difference in mean values between strata
(c) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύāĻā§ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž / The ability to correctly divide the population into strata
(d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Explanation: Stratification is most effective when the strata are as different from each other as possible (in terms of their means or other characteristics) and each stratum is formed in such a way that the units within it are homogeneous. This correct division ensures efficiency.
Q83. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāϏā§āĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāύ (Sampling Distribution) āĻā§? What is a Sampling Distribution?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĄā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāύā§āĻāύ / The distribution of data within a sample
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĄā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāύā§āĻāύ / The distribution of data within the population
(c) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ (statistic) āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāύā§āĻāύ / The probability distribution of all possible values of a given statistic
(d) āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāύā§āĻāύ / The distribution of non-sampling errors
Correct Answer: (c) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ (statistic) āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāύā§āĻāύ / The probability distribution of all possible values of a given statistic
Explanation: If all possible samples of a given size are drawn from a population, the distribution of the values of a statistic (e.g., the mean) calculated from each sample is called the sampling distribution of that statistic.
Q84. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āĻāĻāĻ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§? If the sample and the population are the same, what will be the sampling error?
(a) āĻļā§āύā§āϝ / Zero
(b) āĻāĻ / One
(c) āĻ āϏā§āĻŽ / Infinite
(d) āĻŦāϞāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āύāϝāĻŧ / Cannot be determined
Explanation: When the sample is the entire population itself (i.e., a census), there is no difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter. Therefore, the sampling error is zero.
Q85. āϰâā§āϝāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻŽ āύāĻŽā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻā§? What is the main advantage of using random numbers?
(a) āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ / It saves time
(b) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧ / It reduces cost
(c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠/ It eliminates personal bias
(d) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāϰ⧠/ It simplifies calculations
Correct Answer: (c) āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāϰ⧠/ It eliminates personal bias
Explanation: When a sample is selected using a random number table or generator, the researcher’s subconscious or conscious biases cannot influence the selection process. This ensures a fair and equal chance for every unit.
Q86. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§, āĻāĻāύ Neyman Allocation āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻĒāϝā§āĻā§āϤ? In stratified sampling, when is it most appropriate to use Neyman Allocation?
(a) āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the cost per unit varies across strata
(b) āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the variances of different strata are significantly different
(c) āϝāĻāύ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϤ āϏā§āϤāϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When all strata are of the same size
(d) āϝāĻāύ āĻā§āύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āϧ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻž / When no auxiliary information is available
Correct Answer: (b) āϝāĻāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āύā§āϏ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ / When the variances of different strata are significantly different
Explanation: Neyman Allocation (náĩĸ â NáĩĸSáĩĸ) allocates more samples to strata that are larger and also have higher variance. Therefore, when the difference in variance among strata is large, using this method maximizes the overall efficiency of the estimate.
Q87. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧠āĻā§ āĻā§? What are the qualities of an ideal sample?
Explanation: An ideal sample must represent the population, its size must be adequate, and the selection of units must be independent (not influenced by the selection of other units).
Q88. āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? How can non-sampling errors be controlled?
(a) āĻĻāĻā§āώ āĻāϰā§āĻŽā§ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ / Employing and training skilled personnel
(b) āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻžāĻŦāϞā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ-āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž / Pre-testing the questionnaire
(c) āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ / Efficient data collection and processing procedures
(d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) āĻāĻĒāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϞāĻŋ / All of the above
Explanation: Non-sampling errors occur due to procedural and human mistakes. Controlling them requires careful planning and implementation at every stage of the survey, including good training, improved questionnaires, and strict quality control.
Q89. SRS āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŽā§āϞ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻā§āϏā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰā§? What is the key difference between SRS and Stratified Sampling based on?
(a) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ / The method of sample selection
(b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ / The use of prior knowledge about the population
(c) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ / The sample size
(d) āĻāϰāĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ / The amount of cost
Correct Answer: (b) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦ-āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ / The use of prior knowledge about the population
Explanation: SRS treats the population as a single, undivided unit. In contrast, stratified sampling uses prior knowledge about the population’s structure (e.g., distribution of gender, age, region) to divide it into meaningful subgroups (strata).
Q90. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ (n=N), āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠V(Čŗ) in SRSWOR āĻāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§? If the sample size is equal to the population size (n=N), what will be V(Čŗ) in SRSWOR?
Explanation: In SRSWOR, V(Čŗ) = ((N-n)/N) * (S²/n). If n=N, then (N-n) = 0, which makes the entire expression zero. This means there is no variance because the sample is the population itself, and the sample mean will always be equal to the population mean.
Q91. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§? What is the main reason for the invention of sampling methods?
(a) āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / To make the work of counting complicated
(b) āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ) āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž / To get reliable information about a population with limited resources (time, money)
(c) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻā§āĻ āĻĄā§āĻāĻžāϏā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ / Only for small datasets
(d) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻŋāύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰāĻž / To establish statistics as a difficult subject
Correct Answer: (b) āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ (āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ) āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰāϝā§āĻā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āĻĒāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž / To get reliable information about a population with limited resources (time, money)
Explanation: A complete census is often impossible, impractical, or extremely expensive. Sampling methods solve this problem, allowing us to make scientifically valid conclusions about the whole by studying a smaller, manageable part.
Q92. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ ‘āĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻāĻāĻžāϰā§āĻ’ (overcoverage) āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ? What does ‘overcoverage’ in a sampling frame mean?
(a) āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ / The frame is too large
(b) āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ / Some units are listed more than once in the frame
(c) āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠/ The frame includes units outside the target population
(d) b āĻāĻŦāĻ c āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both b and c
Correct Answer: (d) b āĻāĻŦāĻ c āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ / Both b and c
Explanation: Overcoverage occurs when the sampling frame contains units that are not part of the target population, or when some units from the target population are listed multiple times in the frame. Both situations lead to errors in selection probabilities.
Q93. āĻā§āύ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āύāϝāĻŧ? Which sampling method is not based on the principle of randomization?
(a) āϏāϰāϞ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ / Simple Random Sampling
Explanation: In convenience sampling, the researcher selects individuals who are most easily accessible. No principle of randomization or probability is applied here, making it a non-probability method.
Q94. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? Increasing the sample size may increase which of the following?
Explanation: Increasing the sample size naturally increases the total cost and time required for the survey. Additionally, the increased workload can lead to a higher potential for mistakes in data entry, coding, and management (non-sampling errors) if adequate quality control is not in place.
Q95. āϏā§āϤāϰāĻŦāĻŋāύā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ (sample allocation) āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻā§? What are the three main methods of sample allocation in stratified sampling?
Explanation: In stratified sampling, the three main methods for allocating the total sample (n) into different strata (náĩĸ) are: (1) Equal Allocation (same sample size in each stratum), (2) Proportional Allocation (sample size proportional to stratum size), and (3) Optimum Allocation (to minimize variance and/or cost).
Q96. āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāύ-āϏā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāϞāĻŋāĻ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? Where can both sampling and non-sampling errors be present?
(a) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ / Only in a census
(b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ / Only in a sample survey
(c) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ / In both cases
(d) āĻā§āύā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āύāϝāĻŧ / In neither case
Correct Answer: (b) āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ / Only in a sample survey
Explanation: Sampling error occurs only when a part of the population (a sample) is studied. A census has no sampling error. Non-sampling errors can occur in both. Therefore, both types of errors can be present together only in a sample survey.
Q97. SRSWR-āĻ, āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧ (Čŗ) āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ (Expected Value) āĻā§? In SRSWR, what is the Expected Value of the sample mean (Čŗ)?
Explanation: A fundamental property of SRS (both WR and WOR) is that the sample mean (Ⱥ) is an unbiased estimator of the population mean (Ȟ). This means E(Ⱥ) = Ȟ.
Q98. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āύāϝāĻŧ? Which of the following is not included in the planning of a sample survey?
(a) āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ / Defining the objective
(b) āύāĻŽā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύ / Choosing the sampling method
(c) āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ / Preparing the budget and timeline
(d) āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ / Publishing the final results
Correct Answer: (d) āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ / Publishing the final results
Explanation: The planning stage involves defining objectives, choosing methods, preparing budgets, timelines, etc. Publishing the final results is the very last step of the survey, which is a consequence of implementing the plan, not part of the planning itself.
Q99. āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϤā§āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻā§? What is the main disadvantage of a census compared to a sample survey?
Explanation: A census requires including every single unit of the population, which makes it extremely costly and time-consuming. In many cases, it is not even feasible to conduct.
Q100. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž…… A good sample is a…
(a) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻĒ / a miniature replica of the population.
(b) āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āύāĻŽā§āύāĻž / always a large sample.
(c) āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ / free from all errors.
(d) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞā§āĻŽā§āϞā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§ / just a randomly selected group.
Correct Answer: (a) āĻĒāĻĒā§āϞā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰā§āĻĒ / a miniature replica of the population.
Explanation: The best definition of a good sample is that it is a small-scale, but representative, replica of the entire population. This means that all the diversity and characteristics present in the population should be proportionally present in the sample.